[!NOTE] The setup in this post was done on Windows 11 Home 24H2 with an Ubuntu 24.04 LTS distro running under WSL 2. Your mileage may vary with different versions or distros.
If you haven't enabled or installed WSL at all, open PowerShell or CMD as Administrator and run wsl --install. Then restart your PC. This single command enables WSL, downloads and installs the latest WSL Linux kernel (WSL 2 by default — you can change it with wsl --set-default-version 2, though you likely won't need to), and installs the default Ubuntu distro (typically the latest Ubuntu LTS). The only thing you'll do manually is create a Unix user and set a password when prompted.
For example:
Windows PowerShell
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PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --install
正在下载: Ubuntu
正在安装: Ubuntu
已成功安装分发。可以通过 “wsl.exe -d Ubuntu” 启动它
正在启动 Ubuntu...
wsl: 检测到 localhost 代理配置，但未镜像到 WSL。NAT 模式下的 WSL 不支持 localhost 代理。
Provisioning the new WSL instance Ubuntu
This might take a while...
Create a default Unix user account: david
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: password updated successfully
To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
See "man sudo_root" for details.
david@ThinkBook:/mnt/c/WINDOWS/system32$ exit
exit
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl -l -v
NAME STATE VERSION
* Ubuntu Stopped 2
Of course, you can also perform the steps that wsl --install automates: open Settings, go to Apps -> Optional features -> More Windows features, check Windows Subsystem for Linux and Virtual Machine Platform, click OK, and reboot.
Next, run wsl -l -o (wsl --list --online) to see all available distros and versions. Then install a specific distro with wsl --install -d <Name> (in newer WSL builds you can omit -d and just run wsl --install <Name>). For example: wsl --install -d Ubuntu-24.04.
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --list --online
以下是可安装的有效分发的列表。
使用“wsl.exe --install <Distro>”安装。
NAME FRIENDLY NAME
AlmaLinux-8 AlmaLinux OS 8
AlmaLinux-9 AlmaLinux OS 9
AlmaLinux-Kitten-10 AlmaLinux OS Kitten 10
AlmaLinux-10 AlmaLinux OS 10
Debian Debian GNU/Linux
FedoraLinux-42 Fedora Linux 42
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP6 SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP6
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP7 SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP7
Ubuntu Ubuntu
Ubuntu-24.04 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
archlinux Arch Linux
kali-linux Kali Linux Rolling
openSUSE-Tumbleweed openSUSE Tumbleweed
openSUSE-Leap-15.6 openSUSE Leap 15.6
Ubuntu-18.04 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
Ubuntu-20.04 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
Ubuntu-22.04 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
OracleLinux_7_9 Oracle Linux 7.9
OracleLinux_8_7 Oracle Linux 8.7
OracleLinux_9_1 Oracle Linux 9.1
Use wsl -l -v (wsl --list --verbose) to view all installed WSL distros and their status. Start a specific distro with wsl -d <Name>.
Here are some common commands.
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl -l -v
NAME STATE VERSION
* Ubuntu-24.04 Running 2
docker-desktop Stopped 2
The item with an asterisk * is the default distro. You can change it with wsl --set-default <Name>. If you don't pass -d (--distribution), WSL starts the default distro.
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl ~ -d Ubuntu-24.04
<YourUsername>@<YourMachineName>:~$
If you don't specify the initial directory ~, you'll land in the Windows terminal's current directory, e.g., /mnt/c/Users/david.
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> wsl --update
正在检查更新。
已安装最新版本的适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统。
To stop a specific distro, use wsl --terminate <Name>. From inside the distro, you can exit with logout, exit, or Ctrl + D. To shut down all WSL instances, use wsl --shutdown.
The wsl --install command doesn't let you choose an install path; it installs the distro under your profile on drive C. If C: space is tight, you can migrate the distro to another drive. Here's how to move Ubuntu-24.04 to D: as an example:
mkdir D:\WSL, mkdir D:\WSL\Ubuntu-24.04.wsl --export Ubuntu-24.04 D:\WSL\ubuntu2404.tar.wsl --unregister Ubuntu-24.04. This deletes the original distro and all its data on C:, so make sure the export in the previous step completed successfully.wsl --import Ubuntu-24.04 D:\WSL\Ubuntu-24.04 D:\WSL\ubuntu2404.tar --version 2.del D:\WSL\ubuntu2404.tar.If you want to use a proxy like Clash in WSL 2, see this post.
For package sources, it's recommended to use mirror sites hosted in mainland China for better speed (if you're there), for example the Tsinghua University Open Source Mirror.
I won't cover installing and configuring VS Code itself here. Just install the WSL extension. Press Ctrl + Alt + O or F1 and type "WSL", then choose New WSL Window using Distro... to connect to a specific distro (New WSL Window launches the default distro).
wget https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh, then run the script bash Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh. After installation, restart the terminal, and you should see (base) in your prompt.During the installer, you'll likely be asked: Do you wish the installer to initialize Miniconda3 by running 'conda init'? I recommend yes. The script will update your shell rc file (usually ~/.bashrc) so the Conda base environment activates automatically in new terminals.
You can also keep using the system Python 3.12 from Ubuntu 24.04 for OS/system tools while using Miniconda for your own development to avoid conflicts:
Ubuntu 24.04 ships Python 3.12. You can install or verify it with the commands below. This version is tested by Canonical and works well with other system components.
sudo apt update.sudo apt install python3.12.python3.12 --version — you should see Python 3.12.3.Note the version here is 3.12.3. On an LTS system, you don't need the absolute latest — the Ubuntu-maintained packages are fine.
ysd1123@YSD-ThinkBook:~$ python3.12 -V
Python 3.12.3
ysd1123@YSD-ThinkBook:~$ conda activate
(base) ysd1123@YSD-ThinkBook:~$ python -V
Python 3.13.5
Use nvidia-smi or nvcc to check whether your NVIDIA GPU is visible inside WSL. You may need the CUDA Toolkit for the latter (sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit).
(base) ysd1123@YSD-ThinkBook:~$ nvidia-smi
Wed Jul 2 23:09:16 2025
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 575.51.02 Driver Version: 576.02 CUDA Version: 12.9 |
|-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M | Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap | Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
| | | MIG M. |
|=========================================+========================+======================|
| 0 NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 ... On | 00000000:01:00.0 On | N/A |
| N/A 34C P8 2W / 115W | 265MiB / 8188MiB | 0% Default |
| | | N/A |
+-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: |
| GPU GI CI PID Type Process name GPU Memory |
| ID ID Usage |
|=========================================================================================|
| No running processes found |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
(base) ysd1123@YSD-ThinkBook:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2023 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Jan__6_16:45:21_PST_2023
Cuda compilation tools, release 12.0, V12.0.140
Build cuda_12.0.r12.0/compiler.32267302_0
I mostly use C/C++ for algorithm exercises at the moment, so this section doesn't go into large-scale project setup.
First, install the core build tools inside your WSL 2 Ubuntu. build-essential is a meta package that includes gcc/g++, make, etc. gdb is the debugger.
In the VS Code integrated terminal, run sudo apt update && sudo apt install build-essential gdb -y to update packages and install the GNU toolchain and GDB.
After installation, verify:
(base) <YourUsername>@<YourMachineName>:~$ g++ --version
g++ (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0
Copyright (C) 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
(base) <YourUsername>@<YourMachineName>:~$ gdb --version
GNU gdb (Ubuntu 15.0.50.20240403-0ubuntu1) 15.0.50.20240403-git
Copyright (C) 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Then install the C/C++ extension in VS Code (in the WSL environment).
Create a directory under your home, e.g., /projects/acm_practise. Then cd ~/projects/helloworld and run code . to open a new VS Code window in that folder.
Create a new C++ file main.cpp, paste the following and save:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<string> msg {"Hello", "C++", "World", "from", "VS Code", "and the C++ extension!"};
for (const string& word : msg)
{
cout << word << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
Click the Run button in the top right of VS Code, choose Run C/C++ File, then select g++ build and debug active file from the detected compilers. The first time you run a C++ file, VS Code will prompt you to select a compiler (it will be saved to tasks.json).
Alternatively, press Ctrl + Shift + D and create a launch.json under Run and Debug. If your workspace already has one, VS Code will use it to run/debug your code when you hit the Run button; otherwise it creates a temporary config. (Details: https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp/config-wsl)
I also recommend the Code Runner extension. Configure it in your workspace settings (avoid changing global settings) via .vscode/settings.json like this:
{
"code-runner.runInTerminal": true,
"code-runner.clearPreviousOutput": true,
"code-runner.fileDirectoryAsCwd": true,
"code-runner.executorMap": {
"c": "gcc $fileName -o $fileNameWithoutExt && $dir$fileNameWithoutExt",
"cpp": "g++ $fileName -o build/$fileNameWithoutExt && $dir/build/$fileNameWithoutExt"
},
"code-runner.preserveFocus": false,
"code-runner.saveFileBeforeRun": true
}
I won't expand on what each setting does here.
Finally, with Ctrl + Alt + N you can quickly build and run the file open in the editor. If you need to debug, use the Run button in the top right.